hato

An HTTP client for Clojure, wrapping JDK 11's HttpClient.

It supports both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2, with synchronous and asynchronous execution modes as well as websockets.

In general, it will feel familiar to users of http clients like clj-http. The API is designed to be idiomatic and to make common tasks convenient, whilst still allowing the underlying HttpClient to be configured via native Java objects.

Status

hato has a stable API and is used in production for both synchronous and asynchronous use cases. Please try it out and raise any issues you may find.

Installation

hato requires JDK 11 and above. If you are running an older version of Java, please look at clj-http.

For Leiningen, add this to your project.clj

[hato "1.0.0"]

Quickstart

The main client is available in hato.client.

Require it to get started and make a request:

(ns my.app
  (:require [hato.client :as hc]))

  (hc/get "https://httpbin.org/get")
  ; =>
  ; {:request-time 112
  ;  :status 200
  ;  :body "{\"url\" ...}"
  ;  ...}

Usage

Building a client

Generally, you want to make a reusable client first. This will give you nice things like persistent connections and connection pooling.

This can be done with build-http-client:

; Build the client
(def c (hc/build-http-client {:connect-timeout 10000
                              :redirect-policy :always}))

; Use it for multiple requests
(hc/get "https://httpbin.org/get" {:http-client c})
(hc/head "https://httpbin.org/head" {:http-client c})

build-http-client options

authenticator Used for non-preemptive basic authentication. See the basic-auth request option for pre-emptive authentication. Accepts:

• A map of {:user "username" :pass "password"}
• a java.net.Authenticator

cookie-handler a java.net.CookieHandler if you need full control of your cookies. See cookie-policy for a more convenient option.

cookie-policy Determines whether to accept cookies. The cookie-handler option will take precedence if it is set. If an invalid option is provided, a CookieManager with the default policy (original-server) will be created. Valid options:

• :none Accepts no cookies
• :all Accepts all cookies
• :original-server (default) Accepts cookies from original server
• An implementation of java.net.CookiePolicy.

connect-timeout Timeout to making a connection, in milliseconds (default: unlimited).

executor Sets the thread executor.

redirect-policy Sets the redirect policy.

• :never (default) Never follow redirects.
• :normal Always redirect, except from HTTPS URLs to HTTP URLs.
• :always Always redirect

priority an integer between 1 and 256 (both inclusive) for HTTP/2 requests

proxy Sets a proxy selector. If not set, uses the default system-wide ProxySelector, which can be configured by Java opts such as -Dhttp.proxyHost=somehost and -Dhttp.proxyPort=80 (see all options). Also accepts:

• :no-proxy to explicitly disable the default behavior, implying a direct connection; or
• a java.net.ProxySelector

ssl-context Sets the SSLContext. If not specified, uses the default (SSLContext/getDefault). Accepts:

• a map of :keystore :keystore-pass :trust-store :trust-store-pass, :insecure?. See client authentication examples for more details.
• an javax.net.ssl.SSLContext

ssl-parameters a javax.net.ssl.SSLParameters

version Sets preferred HTTP protocol version.

• :http-1.1 prefer HTTP/1.1
• :http-2 (default) tries to upgrade to HTTP/2, falling back to HTTP/1.1

Making requests

The core function for making requests is hato.client/request, which takes a ring request and returns a response. Convenience wrappers are provided for the http verbs (get, post, put etc.).

; The main request function
(hc/request {:method :get, :url "https://httpbin.org/get"})

; Convenience wrappers
(hc/get "https://httpbin.org/get")
(hc/get "https://httpbin.org/get" {:as :json})
(hc/post "https://httpbin.org/post" {:body "{\"a\": 1}" :content-type :json})

request options

methodLowercase keyword corresponding to a HTTP request method, such as :get or :post.

url An absolute url to the requested resource (e.g. "http://moo.com/api/1").

accept Sets the accept header. a keyword (e.g. :json, for any application/* type) or string (e.g. "text/html") for anything else.

accept-encoding List of string/keywords (e.g. [:gzip]). By default, "gzip, deflate" will be concatenated unless decompress-body? is false.

content-type a keyword (e.g. :json, for any application/* type) or string (e.g. "text/html") for anything else. Sets the appropriate header.

body the body of the request. This should be a string, byte array, input stream, or a java.net.http.HttpRequest$BodyPublisher. To send a clojure map as json (or some other format), use the form-params option with the appropriate content-type.

as Return response body in a certain format. Valid options:

• Return an object type: :string (default), :byte-array, :stream,
• :auto, to automatically coerce response body based on the response (e.g. content-type). This is an alpha feature and the implementation may change.
• Coerce response body with certain format: :json, :json-string-keys, :clojure, :transit+json, :transit+msgpack. JSON and transit coercion require optional dependencies cheshire (5.9.0 or later) and com.cognitect/transit-clj to be installed, respectively.

coerce Determine which status codes to coerce response bodies. :unexceptional (default), :always, :exceptional. This presently only has an effect for json coercions.

query-params A map of options to turn into a query string. See usage examples for details.

form-params A map of options that will be sent as the body, depending on the content-type option. For example, set :content-type :json to coerce the form-params to a json string (requires cheshire). See usage examples for details.

multi-param-style Decides how to represent array values when converting query-params into a query string. Accepts:

• When unset (default), a repeating parameter a=1&a=2&a=3
• :array, a repeating param with array suffix: a[]=1&a[]=2&a[]=3
• :indexed, a repeating param with array suffix and index: a[0]=1&a[1]=2&a[2]=3

multipart A sequence of maps with the following keys:

• :name The name of the param
• :part-name To preserve the order of entities, :name will be used as the part name unless :part-name is specified
• :content The part's data. May be a String, InputStream, Reader, File, char-array, or a byte-array
• :file-name The part's file name. If the :content is a File, it will use .getName by default but may be overridden.
• :content-type The part's content type. The value may be a String such as "text/plain; charset=utf-8" or represented as a map such as {:mime-type "text/html"} or {:mime-type "text/plain" :charset "iso-8859-1"}. If left empty, the value will depend on :content. When :content is a String, it will be text/plain; charset=UTF-8 and when :content is a File, it will attempt to guess the best content type or fallback to application/octet-stream.

headers Map of lower case strings to a header value. A header's value may be a string or a sequence of strings when there are multiple values for a given header.

basic-auth Performs basic authentication (sending Basic authorization header). Accepts {:user "user" :pass "pass"} Note that basic auth can also be passed via the url (e.g. http://user:[email protected])

oauth-token String, will set Bearer authorization header

decompress-body? By default, sets request header to accept "gzip, deflate" encoding, and decompresses the response. Set to false to turn off this behaviour.

throw-exceptions? By default, the client will throw exceptions for exceptional response statuses. Set this to false to return the response without throwing.

async? Boolean, defaults to false. See below section on async requests.

http-client An HttpClient created by build-http-client or other means. For single-use clients, it also accepts a map of the options accepted by build-http-client.

expect-continue Requests the server to acknowledge the request before sending the body. This is disabled by default.

timeout Timeout to receiving a response, in milliseconds (default: unlimited).

version Sets preferred HTTP protocol version per request.

• :http-1.1 prefer HTTP/1.1
• :http-2 (default) tries to upgrade to HTTP/2, falling back to HTTP/1.1

Usage examples

Async requests

By default, hato performs synchronous requests and directly returns a response map.

By providing async? option to the request, the request will be performed asynchronously, returning a CompletableFuture of the response map. This can be wrapped in e.g. manifold, to give you promise chains etc.

Alternatively, callbacks can be used by passing in respond and raise functions, in which case the CompletableFuture returned can be used to indicate when processing has completed.

; A standard synchronous request
(hc/get "https://httpbin.org/get")

; An async request
(hc/get "https://httpbin.org/get" {:async? true})
; =>
; #object[jdk.internal.net.http.common.MinimalFuture...

; Deref it to get the value
(-> @(hc/get "https://httpbin.org/get" {:async? true})
    :body)
; =>
; { ...some json body }

; Pass in a callback
(hc/get "https://httpbin.org/get"
       { :async? true }
       (fn [resp] (println "Got status" (:status resp)))
       identity)
; =>
; #object[jdk.internal.net.http.common.MinimalFuture...
; Got status 200

(future-done? *1)
; =>
; true

; Exceptional status codes by default will call raise with an ex-info containing the response map.
; This means we can use ex-data to get the data back out.
@(hc/get "https://httpbin.org/status/400" {:async? true} identity #(-> % ex-data :status))
; =>
; 400

Making queries

hato can generate url encoded query strings in multiple ways

; Via un url
(hc/get "http://moo.com?hello=world&a=1&a=2" {})

; Via query-params
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:query-params {:hello "world" :a [1 2]}})

; Values are urlencoded
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:query-params {:q "a-space and-some-chars$&!"}})
; Generates query: "q=a-space+and-some-chars%24%26%21"

; Nested params are flattened by default
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:query-params {:a {:b {:c 5} :e {:f 6}}}})
; => "a[b][c]=5&a[e][f]=6", url encoded

; Flattening can be disabled
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:query-params {:a {:b {:c 5} :e {:f 6}}} :ignore-nested-query-string true})
; => "a={:b {:c 5}, :e {:f 6}}", url encoded

Form parameters can also be passed as a map:

(hc/post "http://moo.com" {:form-params {:hello "world"}})

; Send a json body "{\"a\": {\"b\": 5}}"
(hc/post "http://moo.com" {:form-params {:a {:b 5}} :content-type :json})

; Nested params are not flattened by default
; Sends a body of "a={:b {:c 5}, :e {:f 6}}", x-www-form-urlencoded
(hc/post "http://moo.com" {:form-params {:a {:b {:c 5} :e {:f 6}}}})

; Flattening can be enabled
; Sends a body of "a[b][c]=5&a[e][f]=6", url encoded
(hc/post "http://moo.com" {:form-params {:a {:b {:c 5} :e {:f 6}}}
                           :flatten-nested-form-params true})

As a convenience, nesting can also be controlled by :flatten-nested-keys:

; Flattens both query and form params
(hc/post "http://moo.com" {... :flatten-nested-keys [:query-params :form-params]})

; Flattens only query params
(hc/post "http://moo.com" {... :flatten-nested-keys [:query-params]})

Output coercion

You can control whether you like hato to return an InputStream (using :as :stream), byte-array (using :as :byte-array) or String (:as :string) with no further coercion.

; Returns a string response
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {})

; Returns a byte array
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:as :byte-array})

; Returns an InputStream
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:as :stream})

; Coerces clojure strings
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:as :clojure})

; Coerces transit. Requires optional dependency com.cognitect/transit-clj.
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:as :transit+json})
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:as :transit+msgpack})

; Coerces JSON strings into clojure data structure
; Requires optional dependency cheshire
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:as :json})
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:as :json-string-keys})

; Coerce responses with exceptional status codes
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:as :json :coerce :always})

By default, hato only coerces JSON responses for unexceptional statuses. Control this with the :coerce option:

:unexceptional ; default - only coerce response bodies for unexceptional status codes
:exceptional ; only coerce for exceptional status codes
:always ; coerce for any status code

Certificate authentication

Client authentication can be done by passing in an SSLContext:

; Directly pass in an SSLContext that you made yourself
(hc/get "https://secure-url.com" {:http-client {:ssl-context SomeSSLContext}})

; Pass in your credentials
(hc/get "https://secure-url.com" {:http-client {:ssl-context {:keystore (io/resource "somepath.p12")
                                                              :keystore-pass "password"
                                                              :trust-store (io/resource "cacerts.p12"
                                                              :trust-store-pass "another-password")}}})

; Skip verification of the server certificates
(hc/get "https://secure-url.com" {:http-client {:ssl-context {:insecure? true}}})

If either :keystore or :trust-store are not provided, the respective system default will be used.

The defaults can be overridden with java options, so the below is equivalent to the above (with the caveat that the path should be on the filesystem rather than in the jar resources):

-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStore=somepath.12
-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStoreType=pkcs12
-Djavax.net.ssl.keyStorePassword=password
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStore=cacerts.p12
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStoreType=pkcs12
-Djavax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword=another-password

Redirects

By default, hato does not follow redirects. To change this behaviour, use the redirect-policy option.

Implementation notes from the docs:

When automatic redirection occurs, the request method of the redirected request may be modified depending on the specific 30X status code, as specified in RFC 7231. In addition, the 301 and 302 status codes cause a POST request to be converted to a GET in the redirected request.

; Always redirect, except from HTTPS URLs to HTTP URLs
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:http-client {:redirect-policy :normal}})

; Always redirect
(hc/get "http://moo.com" {:http-client {:redirect-policy :always}})

The Java HttpClient does not provide a direct option for max redirects. By default, it is 5. To change this, set the java option to e.g. -Djdk.httpclient.redirects.retrylimit=10.

The client does not throw an exception if the retry limit has been breached. Instead, it will return a response with the redirect status code (30x) and empty body.

Multipart Requests

To send a multipart request, :multipart may be supplied as a sequence of maps as described in request options. This will add the appropriate Content-Type header as well as replace the :body of the request with an InputStream of the supplied parts.

(hc/post "http://moo.com"
        {:multipart [{:name "title" :content "My Awesome Picture"}
                     {:name "Content/type" :content "image/jpeg"}
                     {:name "foo.txt" :part-name "eggplant" :content "Eggplants"}
                     {:name "file" :content (io/file ".test-data")}
                     {:name "data" :content (.getBytes "hi" "UTF-8") :content-type "text/plain" :file-name "data.txt"}
                     {:name "jsonParam" :content (io/file ".test-data") :content-type "application/json" :file-name "data.json"}]})

Custom middleware

hato has a stack of middleware that it applies by default if you use the built in request function. You can supply different middleware by using wrap-request yourself:

; Using the default middleware
(hc/request {:url "https://httpbin.org/get" :method :get})

; With convenience method
(hc/get "https://httpbin.org/get")

; Let's write an access log middleware

; Define a new middleware
(defn log-and-return
    [resp]
    (println :access-log (:uri resp) (:status resp) (:request-time resp))
    resp)

(defn wrap-log
  [client]
  (fn
    ([req]
     (let [resp (client req)]
       (log-and-return resp)))
    ([req respond raise]
     (client req
             #(respond (log-and-return %))
             raise))))

; Create your own middleware stack.
; Note that ordering is important here:
; - After wrap-request-timing so :request-time is available on the response
; - Before wrap-exceptions so that exceptional responses have not yet caused an exception to be thrown
(def my-middleware (concat [(first hm/default-middleware) wrap-log] (drop 1 hm/default-middleware)))

; Now it logs
(request {:url "https://httpbin.org/get" :method :get :middleware my-middleware})
; :access-log https://httpbin.org/get 200 1069
; => Returns response map

(request {:url "https://httpbin.org/status/404" :method :get :middleware my-middleware})
; :access-log https://httpbin.org/status/404 404 1924
; ...Throws some ExceptionInfo

(get "https://httpbin.org/get" {:middleware my-middleware})
; :access-log https://httpbin.org/get 200 1069
; => Returns string body

WebSockets

The simplest way to get started is with the websocket function:

(require '[hato.websocket :as ws])

(let [ws @(ws/websocket "ws://echo.websocket.events"
                        {:on-message (fn [ws msg last?]
                                       (println "Received message:" msg))
                         :on-close   (fn [ws status reason]
                                       (println "WebSocket closed!"))})]
  (ws/send! ws "Hello World!")
  (Thread/sleep 1000)
  (ws/close! ws))

By default, hato WebSocket functions are asynchronous and most return a CompletableFuture. This can be wrapped in e.g. manifold, to give you promise chains etc.

(require '[hato.websocket :as ws])
(require '[manifold.deferred :as d])

(-> (ws/websocket "ws://echo.websocket.events"
                  {:on-message (fn [ws msg last?]
                                 (println "Received message:" msg))
                   :on-close   (fn [ws status reason]
                                 (println "WebSocket closed!"))})
    (d/chain #(ws/send! % "Hello")
             #(ws/send! % "World!")
             #(ws/close! %))
    (d/catch Exception #(println "Something went wrong!" %)))

WebSocket options

uri A WebSocket uri (e.g. "ws://echo.websocket.events").

opts Additional options may be a map of any of the following keys:

• :http-client An HttpClient (e.g. created by hato.client/build-http-client). If not provided, a default client will be used.

• :headers Adds the given name-value pair to the list of additional HTTP headers sent during the opening handshake.

• :connect-timeout Sets a timeout for establishing a WebSocket connection, in milliseconds.

• :subprotocols Sets a request for the given subprotocols.

• :listener A WebSocket listener. If a WebSocket$Listener is provided, it will be used directly. Otherwise one will be created from any handlers (on-<event>) passed into the options map.

• :on-open Called when a WebSocket has been connected. Called with the WebSocket instance.

• :on-message A textual/binary data has been received. Called with the WebSocket instance, the data, and whether this invocation completes the message.

• :on-ping A Ping message has been received. Called with the WebSocket instance and the ping message.

• :on-pong A Pong message has been received. Called with the WebSocket instance and the pong message.

• :on-close Receives a Close message indicating the WebSocket's input has been closed. Called with the WebSocket instance, the status code, and the reason.

• :on-error An error has occurred. Called with the WebSocket instance and the error.

Debugging

To view the logs of the Java client, add the java option -Djdk.httpclient.HttpClient.log=all. In Leiningen, this can be done using :jvm-opts in project.clj.

Other advanced options

# Default keep alive for connection pool is 1200 seconds
-Djdk.httpclient.keepalivetimeout=1200

# Default connection pool size is 0 (unbounded)
-Djdk.httpclient.connectionPoolSize=0

License

Released under the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php